Biology Paper Essay Research Paper Introduction In free essay sample

Biology Paper Essay, Research Paper Introduction In this experiment, I will be analyzing the activity of the enzyme catalase. Catalase breaks down of Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 into H2O H2O and O O2. catalase 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 catalase Hydrogen peroxide H2O + O Enzymes are biological accelerators. They are made up of protein. They will merely move upon one substance, is substrate. Enzymes merely work at their optimum in a specific environment. There are many different factors in their environment, which affect an enzyme # 8217 ; s ability to break up their substrate. Enzymes work at an optimal if you find the right balance between these factors. Some illustrations of these factors are temperature, pH and surface country of the murphy. They are three chief groups of enzymes involved in interrupting down nutrient molecules Proteases, Carbohydrases and Lipases. Proteases breakdown proteins, pepsin and trypsin are peptidases. Carbohydrases breakdown saccharides, amylase is a Carbohydrase. We will write a custom essay sample on Biology Paper Essay Research Paper Introduction In or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lipases breakdown fats. Enzymes aren T merely used inside the organic structure they re besides used outside the organic structure in many different ways. Examples of these are + Biological detergents + Fruit industry + Photographic industry + Dairy industry + Brewing industry + Baby nutrients + Paper industry + Starch industry + Rubber industry + Baking industry At the minute the hypothesis about how enzymes work is the Lock and Key Theory. This theory states that the active site of the enzyme and the substrate are extractly the same size. In the right environment ( right pH and temperature ) it is thought that the active site of the enzyme will catalysis the reaction. If one of the varibles is changed like the substrate or the pH the enzyme won t catalyse the reaction. This is a diagram of the lock and cardinal theory. It shows the enzyme s active site and the substrate are the precisely the same size and form. By adhering together the reaction takes topographic point. The merchandises of the reaction so leave the active site and the enzyme can look for another substrate molecule. In the experiment that I m making the merchandises of the reaction are H2O ( H2O ) and O ( O2 ) . The enzyme is catalase, from murphies, and the substrate is Hydrogen peroxide. Problem What factors influence the catalase s ability to break up Hydrogen peroxide into H2O and O? Factors There are many different factors that affect this reaction. They are as follows: The factors that we can prove are pH, surface country of murphy incorporating catalase and temperature of the solution. I have chosen to maintain the temperature invariable because it s know that catalase will work best at organic structure temperature. That is its natural environment. I have besides chosen to maintain the surface country invariable. This is because the larger the surface country of murphy quicker the better the reaction. This is why the organic structure physically breaks down nutrient so those enzymes contained in gall have a larger surface country to work on. I have chosen to change the pH because I don t know precisely how it affects the enzymes # 8217 ; ability to breakdown Hydrogen Peroxide. Question What will go on to the rate of the reaction catalysed by catalase if I vary the pH? Prediction I predict that the catalase will work at optimal at a impersonal or somewhat acidic environment. I say this because catalase is present in liver cells. It is in the liver because for this ground. The liver occupation in the digestion system is to neutralize any toxins in the blood stream. Hydrogen peroxide is a toxic byproduct of digestion so it is there are neutralise Hydrogen peroxide. The merchandises of this reaction ( H2O H2O and oxygen O2 ) are indispensable to the map of the organic structure. Catalase is present in all our liver cells. This means it s natural environment is a impersonal or somewhat acidic pH. This is backed up by my preliminary work ( e.g. the consequence of catalase on liver cells ) in which I ve studied the rate of the reaction. In this instance the rate of reaction is fastest at a impersonal pH. The theory behind this anticipation is the Lock and Key theory. This theory states that the active site of the enzyme and the substrate are precisely the same size. In the right environment ( right pH and temperature ) it is thought that the active site of the enzyme will catalysis the reaction. If one of the variables is changed or at an extreme like the substrate or the pH the enzyme won t catalyse the reaction, because if difference in the environment alters the H bonds, ionic charge or whatever is doing it keep its form. This has a peculiar consequence on the active site of the enzyme altering its form so it and the substrate won t tantrum. This means that the enzyme has been denatured. Therefore, this is why I think at pH 2,4 and 10 will hold a slow rate of reaction or no reaction will take topographic point. I predict that my consequences will look like this graph: The catalase with work at optimal at pH 7 ( 7.07 ) and the rate of the reaction will drop down steadily either side of that pH. Plan I will roll up the pieces of equipment I need and put them up as shown in the diagram. I will roll up 20 millilitres of H peroxide and of each of the five pH buffers. I will mensurate the pH s utilizing a pH metre doing certain that they are the same pH. I will weigh two five-gram pieces of murphy ( I will non utilize a 10-gram piece of murphy because the form would intend that non all of the murphy would be in contact with the solution ) . I will do certain the surface country is the same with all the murphy pieces by utilizing the same cork pourer. I will roll up these measures because than I have a 1:2 ratio between gms of murphy and Hydrogen peroxide so the differences in the reaction are evident. Any ratio that is below this won T show the affects of the differing environments. Besides in other experiments were the ratio was less the consequences weren t conclusive plenty to turn out anything. I will so set these measures into a conelike flask and attach a gas syringe to see how much O gas is envolved. The gas syringe steps from 0 to 100 milliliters s. I will mensurate the volume of O gas given off every minute in millilitres. I will halt measurement after 10 proceedingss because in old experiments that I ve done the reaction tends to decelerate down after this clip. I will reiterate the experiment three times with all five pH buffers to do certain that any anomalous consequences won t affect the mean consequence. Fair Test In this experiment I will do I t a just trial because I will make many things, such as 1. I will utilize the same concentration of H peroxide 2. I will utilize the same mass of murphy ( 10 gms ) 3. I will utilize the same surface country of murphy 4. I will hold the solution at the same temperature ( 27 degrees/room temperature ) 5. I will utilize the same volume of H peroxide ( 20 millilitres ) 6. I will utilize the same volume of the pH buffer Safety I will do certain that I will make this experiment safely because I will make the undermentioned things: + I will have on safety eyeglasses when of all time I m making an experiment + I won t tilt over the bench so that I won Ts slop any of the solutions + I will be careful when transporting any solution or liquid + I won t tally around the schoolroom + I will insert in my tie so it won Ts interfere with any experiment + I will rinse my custodies after managing any substances ( murphy, Hydrogen peroxide ) . + I will be careful when pouring any substance + I will be careful when cutting the murphy to size Method I will roll up the undermentioned pieces of setup a Glass syringe, Conical flasks, a Stopwatch, a Clamp, a tile, a Clamp base, two five gms pieces of Potato, 20ml of Hydrogen peroxide, graduated tables, a knife, 20ml of the pH buffers ( pH 2, 4, 7, 9, 10 ) , mensurating cylinder and a cork pourer. I will put them up like the diagram shows ( below ) , doing certain that the gas syringe is horizontal so it doesn t faux pas down. I will acquire the murphy, tile, graduated tables and the cork pourer. I will cut out cylindrical pieces of murphy utilizing the cork pourer on the tile. I will weigh them to do certain that they are five gms. I will so do any necessary accommodations utilizing the knife. I will so take the measurement cylinder and step 20ml of Hydrogen Peroxide and the pH buffer ( 2, 4, 7, 9, 10 ) . I will set them together in a conelike flask. I will reset the stop watch. Simultaneously, I will get down the stop watch and topographic point the murphy pieces in the solution. I will attach the gas syringe by forcing the cork of the gas syringe in the conelike flask. I will so detect the reaction to do certain that it s traveling to be after e.g. equipment is working. After a minute I will mensurate the O envolved by the solution. I will mensurate the O envovled every minute for 10 proceedingss cumulatively. I will make this for every pH buffer three times to acquire rid of any anomalous consequences. Diagram Apparatus list 1. Glass syringe 2. Conic flasks 3. Stopwatch 4. Clamp 5. Clamp base 6. Potatos 7. Hydrogen peroxide 8. pH buffers ( 2, 4, 7, 9, 10 ) 9. mensurating cylinder 10. cork pourer 11. Knife 12. Tile 13. Scales Decision My consequences show that pH 7 is the optimum, that pH 2 and 4 are the worst. This means that a impersonal environment is optimal for catalase and, acidic environment denatures catalase. This does hold with my anticipation, that pH 7 would be the best environment for catalase, that pH 2 and 4 are the worst environment for catalase. This means that my anticipation is right, hence, pH 2 and 4 denatures catalase and pH 7 is catalase s natural environment My consequences show that pH 10 is the best this is an anomalous consequence. I say this because so compared with other primary and secondary beginnings ; pH 10 was one of the worst environments. There are many factors that could hold made this consequence. Examples of these are + We did the experiments at different times, in the forenoon and afternoon. Therefore, the chemicals might non hold been at the same temperature. + We had different types of murphy ; this resulted in a alteration in the concentration of catalase in the murphy. + Inaccurately of the graduated tables, gas syringe + Temperature fluctuation in room My experiment has every bit accurate as I could hold made it in the clip available and the equipment available. To do the experiment more accurate I would necessitate more clip and better equipment. For illustration we could used a more exactly deliberate syringe e.g. fictile syringe. The consequences that I have collected show that the Lock and Key theory is right. This theory states that the active site of the enzyme and the substrate are precisely the same size. In the right environment ( right pH and temperature ) it is thought that the active site of the enzyme will catalysis the reaction. If one of the variables is changed or at an extreme like the substrate or the pH the enzyme won t catalyse the reaction, because if difference in the environment alters the H bonds, ionic charge or whatever is doing it keep its form. This has a peculiar consequence on the active site of the enzyme altering its form so it and the substrate won t tantrum. This means that the enzyme has been denatured. Therefore, this is why pH 2 and 4 had a slow rate of reaction. Diagram Evaluation I think that my program has worked good because I have been able turn out my anticipation. Besides I think that the scope of pH s that I used was good because it gave me a good thought of what the enzymes activity in different environments is. My consequences were good they were every bit accurate as I could do them. An illustration of a factor beyond my control, the excess gases force per unit area when seting the cork into the conelike flask. The lone consequence which was non accurate was pH 10, it is an anomalous consequence. I think this is because of the undermentioned grounds: + We did the experiments at different times, in the forenoon and afternoon. Therefore, the chemicals might non hold been at the same temperature. + We had different types of murphy ; this resulted in a alteration in the concentration of catalase in the murphy. + Inaccurately of the graduated tables, gas syringe + Temperature fluctuation in room Apart from this anomalous consequence I think that my consequences are sufficient to back up that pH 7 is the optimum. If I did this experiment once more I would seek to do my consequences more accurate by reiterating my consequences as many times as I could in the period of clip available. I already know that pH 7 is the optimal I would non hold such a big scope of pH s I would hold a smaller scope from pH 5-9. I would spread out the experiment by utilizing different enzymes and their substrates to see if there is any relationship with the substrate and the environment in which the enzyme works at an optimum.